In this example we will georeference a jpeg map of Australia.

To georeference this map we need some common points to reference the image to. I will use a country layer (shown below) to match points to locations on jpeg map.

Next start Georeferencing by going to the raster menu > Georeferencer

Open a raster by clicking the button shown below.

Once the raster has been opened click on a point on the image which can be easily located on the country boundaries layer

A popup will showup. select “from map canvas” and find the same point in the country boundary layer.

Click OK in the Georeferencer and the point will be added as shown above.

Click on a selection of points spread out over the area of interest like my example below.

Once the points have been added, got to file menu >  start georeferencing

Specify the transformation settings like above. Use a Projective transformation type is the image needs to be rotated and re-sized. A “Linear” transformation could be used in this example as the image only needs to be re-sized and not rotated. For output raster choose a suitable file name and for Target SRS choose your projection system.

After you click OK the georeferenced image should display in your layers in the correct position.

Here we will create a polygon layer by tracing sports fields and adding attribute data.

Go to the layer menu>New>New Shapefile layer…

In this example we will trace the boundaries of sporting fields.

• Select Polygon
• Select the appropriate coordinate reference system
• Create a new Attribute called “Sport” (this will be the type of sport played)
• Select type “text data”
• Click “Add to attribute list”
• Create another attribute called “Irrigation” following the same steps
• Lastly create an attribute called “Area” this time select decimal number under Type.

• Finally click OK.
• Save the file as “Sports_fields” (you always need underscores instead of spaces)
• The new layer will appear in the layer menu
• Click on the layer and toggle editing with the pen icon

• Go to the edit menu > add feature
• Click at each corner of the field and right click to finish
• Fill in the details as shown below.

• Create features around the other fields giving them different attribute data.

• When finished, go to the layer menu > save layer edits
• Toggle the edit icon to stop editing

Here is a simple way of creating a slope map using contour data to create a vector polygon layer.

Below we have 50m contour data.

For example to calculate a slope of 10 degrees or greater using 50m contours we must calculate the maximum distance between contour lines that results in a 10 degree slope using a trigonometric equation.

In this example the maximum distance is 284 meters between the 50m contour lines.

We then halve this distance to get 142 meters and use this value to buffer the contours. Do not dissolve the buffer results as we will need to find the intersects between the buffers.

Intersect the buffers to find the overlapping areas. The intersect tool in ArcGIS can be useful for this. These overlaps will signal the contours lines that have 10 degrees or more slope between them.

These intersected slithers only represent part of the 10 degree slope as the 10 degree slope should in theory cover the entire width between the two contour lines and possibly beyond the contour lines depending on the width of the intersect.

Buffering these intersects using the 142m figure that was calculated previously will extend the slope areas to the nearest contour line and beyond depending on the steepness of the slope. Dissolving this final buffer will create a single feature representing the 10 degrees and above slope.

To calculate slope intervals, you would follow the same process as above with progressively higher slopes while clipping out the lower slope layer with the higher layer until you reach the largest slope interval layer. 

 

 

 

 

You can create a map of the US showing the population intervals by county.

You can do this by using a free GIS desktop program called QGIS and free GIS data available on various websites.

Download the Census shapefile from the census.gov website here. It should be called ‘County_2010Census_DP1’.

Open the QGIS program and go to the ‘layer’ menu and select ‘add vector layer’. Navigate to the ‘County_2010Census_DP1’ zip file and add it to your map. Alternatively the zip file can be dragged and dropped into the map window. It should appear as below.

If you right click the layer item on the left and go to ‘open attribute table’ you will see the county names and various population figures in the table.

In the census zip file there is a file called ‘DP_TableDescriptions’ which explains the column headings of the tables.  The column called ‘DP0010001’ is the column containing total population figures. We will use this column to graduate the colors of the counties according to their population value.

Double click the layer ‘County_2010Census_DP1’ so the layer properties windows appears as shown below.

Change from single symbol to graduated and then below that select the column ‘DP0010001’. Under Mode change it to Quantile (equal count) and press OK. The map should look as shown below.

You can create a printable map, add a frame, legend, north point etc. by using the Print Composer in QGIS.

Go to the file menu and click “New Print Composer”

Give the composer a name such as ” US population”

go to the Layout menu and then “Add Map”. Click at the top left of the canvas and drag to the bottom right. The map should appear like below.

To center and zoom into the map go to the Layout menu and then to “move content”. With this tool you will be able to drag the map to the center and zoom in with the mouse wheel. You can set the scale in the item properties on the right hand side.

Once you have centered the mainland of the US, you can add Alaska and Hawaii with the same process by going to the layout menu and then “add map”. This time the map windows willl be smaller for Alaska and Hawaii.

A Legend can be added by going to the layout menu and then “add legend”. A scale bar can also be added through the Layout menu. To export this map as an image file go to the composer menu and then “Export as image”. Your map should look like below.